Is the Smog Lifting?

Six main points of this article, at least at heart, are clear, documented, and convincing. In simple terms, these points are the following: (1) causal inference for certain questions in environmental epidemiology, such as studying the health effects of climate change, is difficult; (2) traditional methods have worked quite well for certain problems in environmental epidemiology; (3) additionally, at least five specific other methods (extensions) should be helpful in environmental epidemiology; (4) many methods can be useful in environmental epidemiology; (5) related to fourth point, the subgroup of methods as defined by Pearce et al. (RCT mimicking set of “causal inference” methods) does not include everything that might be useful; and (6) triangulation methods are one such additional method.