The browser you are using is not supported by this website. All versions of Internet Explorer are no longer supported, either by us or Microsoft (read more here: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/windows/end-of-ie-support).

Please use a modern browser to fully experience our website, such as the newest versions of Edge, Chrome, Firefox or Safari etc.

Are Mendelian randomization investigations immune from bias due to reverse causation?

Figure from the paper by Burgess et al 2021

It has also often been stated that the fixed nature of the genetic code provides complete immunity to bias from reverse causation in Mendelian randomization studies because genetic variants must precede the outcome in time. Here, we demonstrate how reverse causation can lead to bias in Mendelian randomization analyses.